Remarks

1. When va- is prefixed to radicals (levis) of more than one syllable beginning with a vowel or y (-da and -di endings are not counted), the a is dropped (and the y becomes i): va+aireca[da] = vairecada; va+ibis[da] = vibisda; va+yorga[di], watch = viorgadi. When va- is prefixed to levis of only one syllable, a glide is inserted (the y stands): va+es[di], overcome = vayesdi; va+yen[da] = vayenda.

2. Verbs show no tense. Aspectuals are words which govern mood and tense, appearing directly before the verb, or, in the case of composite verbs such as causatives, between the first element and the second Pu, "was (were)", "used to", etc, describes a continuing action or state in the past with no indication of time limit, rather like the imperfect in English: epa pu vas dib, it was hot; or an action that was going on when another took place: pu vaxarandi garugayaron go uzeutti celini gotou, I was taking the train when I noticed the beautiful woman; or a habitual action in the past: sasi Saba pu sebouda poumarvonjato, Mrs Saba used to (would) come in at eleven o'clock. Pu is not the tense of description: Raoul das bihari au, Raoul had (has) blue eyes (*pu das bihari au would mean they had changed colour), nor is it used if there is an indication of time limit: yodas jabedi canpou go sejirda, he was thirty when he began. Do not use pu after syau rah, no longer, and cer rah, not yet. Mepa, "in the middle of", "in the process of", etc, is used rather like the present continuous in English when the need is felt to stress the progressive aspect of a present action: mepa vagaruda, I'm on my way home; or of a past action when another is taking place: pu yolesegada go mepa vadibanda, he would (used to) help [me] when I was busy.

3. Transitive verbs end in -di (-ti for words already ending in t): they must be followed by a direct object (with or without an attributive adjective or possessive adjective in between): vavacandi casari hamoja; vavacandiyo; intransitive verbs, ending in -da (-ta), do not take a direct object: yoqanbansyada (impossible to make transitive); vasejirda (may be changed into a transitive: vasejirdi garu, I began my return home – not *vasejirda garu). Prepositions or conjunctions may follow intransitives: sediada e, become [like]; virda os mouzono, wait in front of the house. The reflexive (intransitive) is easy to recognise: the verb (with or without bound pronouns) is always preceded by uma for all persons. Most reflexive verbs relate to common human actions and are equivalent to English ones: uma audepatta, sit [oneself] down; others make sense if translated literally: uma bahuda, wonder [lit, ask oneself] (*uma zaranda is a redundancy to be avoided). Sometimes the reflexive takes a direct object; this is accomplished simply with the -di ending, without possessive adjectives (redundant in Taneraic): uma louzardi noub, wash one's hands; uma neivadi la siyeb, shave one's whiskers. A further example of a transitive reflexive is uma audepatti layi, sit on the grass, where the complement "on the grass" is expressed by a simple direct object.

4. Cardinals: poumarnut (11), poviabnut, poucannut, poumeinut, pousunut, poviannut, povauannut, poujaunnut, pousautnut (19), yabbou (20), yabbou marnu (21), canpou (30), meipou, supou, yanpou, auanpou, jaunpou, sautpou sautnu (99), teqou (100), teqou marnu (101).

5. Placenames of national significance are adapted from Esperanto and written in italics.

(A) The -ujo(j) and -io desinences for countries is replaced by -ia: e.g., Anglujo becomes Anglia, Algherio becomes Aljeria.

(B) Compounds are separated: e.g., Novjorko becomes Nova Yorka, Sudameriko becomes Suda Amerika (see orthography following).

(C) Orthographically, the Esperanto -o(j) desinence is replaced by -a; Esperanto consonants ch becomes cy; gh becomes j; hh becomes x; j becomes y; and sh becomes sy: e.g., Melburna, Melbourne; Cyikaga, Chicago; Nova Yorka, New York. The caret on diphthongal u is dropped.

(D) Esperanto root-words ending in b, h, n, r or s are left as such in a Taneraic adaptation of proper nouns: e.g., Dolar, dollar, Dalas, Dallas, Aten, Athens. NB., countries take on the -ia desinence: e.g., Irania, Iran; also, names ending in the above consonants plus a vowel in their native languages take -a: e.g., Madona, Havana, Kilimanyara, Antigona.

(E) Other names are left in their original form: e.g., Armadale, Shropshire, Becket. Classifiers are not necessary before placenames: e.g., Pariza or meyon e Pariza, (the city of) Paris.